The discovery of the second type of charged lepton, the muon, became the starting point for the eventual identification of a second type of neutrino, the muon-neutrino. The unique (and rare) energy signatures of the fates of these latter by-products provided the evidence for the existence of the electron-antineutrino. In their experiments antineutrinos emitted in a nuclear reactor were allowed to react with protons to produce neutrons and positrons. Finally, in 1956 a team of American physicists led by Frederick Reines reported the discovery of the electron-antineutrino. Only 1 in 10 billion of these particles, traveling through matter for a distance equal to Earth’s diameter, reacts with a proton or a neutron. Neutrinos are therefore the most penetrating of subatomic particles, capable of passing through an enormous number of atoms without causing any reaction. Furthermore, they react with matter only through the very weak interaction of the weak force. Because they are not electrically charged, neutrinos do not experience the electromagnetic force and thus do not cause ionization of matter. What force slows motion? For every action there is an equal and opposite what? There’s nothing E = mc square about taking this physics quiz.ĭespite such predictions, neutrinos were not detected experimentally for 20 years, owing to the weakness of their interactions with matter. An electron-neutrino is emitted along with a positron in positive beta decay, while an electron-antineutrino is emitted with an electron in negative beta decay. The Italian-born physicist Enrico Fermi further elaborated (1934) the theory of beta decay and gave the “ghost” particle its name. The basic properties of the electron-neutrino-no electric charge and little mass-were predicted in 1930 by the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli to explain the apparent loss of energy in the process of radioactive beta decay. Each type of neutrino also has an antimatter component, called an antineutrino the term neutrino is sometimes used in a general sense to refer to both the neutrino and its antiparticle. There are three types of neutrino, each associated with a charged lepton-i.e., the electron, the muon, and the tau-and therefore given the corresponding names electron-neutrino, muon-neutrino, and tau-neutrino. Rather, neutrinos are subject to the weak force that underlies certain processes of radioactive decay. Neutrinos belong to the family of particles called leptons, which are not subject to the strong force. Neutrino, elementary subatomic particle with no electric charge, very little mass, and 1/ 2 unit of spin. © MinutePhysics ( A Britannica Publishing Partner) See all videos for this article Learn about the properties and detection of a neutrino.
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